The law of reflection states that the incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to the surface of the mirror all lie in the same plane and the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. We will learn about the making of the convex mirror and concave mirror and also the image formulation by both the mirrors. The Reflecting surface in a spherical mirror has a center, this is known as the center of curvature. The center of curvature in the convex mirror lies behind the mirror, while in a concave mirror, it lies in front of the mirror. Similarly, we will learn about the making process of a concave and convex lens and image formation by both lenses.

The ray of light that bounces off the surface is called the reflected ray. The law of reflection states that the incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to the surface of the mirror all lie in the same plane and the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

We will learn in this virtual tour about the making of the convex mirror and concave mirror. We will take a big glass sphere, fitted between two stands. The center of the sphere is represented by the letter. The pole is usually represented by capital P. the distance between c and p is known as a radius of curvature, is denoted by R, and is found to be equal to twice the focal length. The outer surface of this sphere looks shining. Thus, the convex mirror is prepared. A mirror, whose outer surface is colored, and, because of it, the inner surface is shiny. That is called the concave mirror.

In this virtual tour, we will learn about the making of a concave mirror.  We will take a big glass and fit it in the stands. After that we will spray the mercury to the outer surface of this cut sphere, and, then the spray of red oxide, is applied to the outer surface. A mirror, whose outer surface is colored, and, because of it, the inner surface is shiny, that is called the concave mirror.

The Reflecting surface in a spherical mirror has a center, this is known as the center of curvature. The center of curvature in the convex mirror lies behind the mirror, while in a concave mirror, it lies in front of the mirror. The center of the reflecting surface in a spherical mirror is a pole. It is represented by P. Now, the distance between c and p is known as a radius of curvature, is denoted by R, and is found to be equal to twice the focal length. And, the reflected rays appear to come from a point on the principal axis, this is known as the principal focus. Now you can see that when we pass rays of light on the concave mirror they get reflected from principal focus F.

In this virtual tour, we will learn about Nature, the position, and the relative size of the image formed by a concave mirror for various positions of the object. We will take one candle in front of the concave mirror, its reflection shows on the curvature of the mirror, but it is virtual and contrary. Similarly, we will test for four conditions and understand the image formation by a concave mirror.

In this virtual tour, we will learn about the nature, position, and relative size of the image formed by a convex mirror for various positions of the object. When an object comes from an infinite distance, on the principal focus F. Here the type of reflection is, virtual, erect, and very small sized.

Ray of light passes from one medium to another and enters back to the same medium, which type of change occurs in its path. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of angle for refraction is a constant, for the light of a given color and for the given pair of media. This law is also known as Snell’s law of refraction.

Lenses are defined as transparent materials that are bounded by two surfaces, out of which one and both can be spherical. When both the two spherical surfaces bulge outwards, it is known as a convex lens. When the two spherical surfaces bulge inwards they are known as concave lenses.

When rays of light are passing through the convex lens they converge at one point. A Point at which parallel rays of light converge in a concave lens and parallel rays of light diverge from the point is called Focus or Principal Focus of the lens. Convex and concave lenses have two Foci. These are represented as F1 and F2. So, we can say that the convex lens merges the light rays, passing through it, at a certain point. Therefore, it is also called a Converging Lens.

In this virtual tour, we will learn about the nature, position, and relative size of the image formed by a concave lens ​for various positions of the object. The position of the image is between focus F1 and optical center P. the relative size of the image is diminished and the nature of the image is virtual and erect.

In this virtual tour, we will learn about the nature, position, and relative size of the image formed by a convex lens​ for the various positions of the object. When the object is between the principal focus F and optical center P, the image is on the same side of the lens as the object. The nature of the image is virtual, erect, and enlarged.