The matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. All physical objects are composed of matter, and an easily observed property of matter is its state or phase. We will also learn the atomic structure of solids, liquids, and gases. Further in the chapter, we will also learn that the states of matter are interconvertible. The state of matter can be changed by changing temperature or pressure.

An element is a pure substance that is made from a single type of atom. An element is made up of only one kind of atom. An element cannot be broken down by physical or chemical means and the element has its own definite melting and boiling point. Further, we will learn about two types of mixtures i.e Homogeneous and Heterogeneous mixtures. We will learn about this by performing various experiments. We will also understand how we can separate the components of the mixture through the evaporation process.

Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter whereas molecules contain one or more atoms. Atoms are the smallest unit that contains a chemical element. We will learn in this chapter about the law of conservation and the law of constant/definite proportions. Further in the chapter, we will discover the atomicity of the molecule. It is classified as monatomic, diatomic, triatomic, tetra-atomic, or polyatomic.

The atom consists of 3 tiny particles: Positively charged Protons, Negatively charged electrons, Neutral neutrons. The nucleus contains positive protons and electrons revolving around in fixed orbitals. Valency is the capacity of an atom to combine with atoms of other elements to form a compound. An isotope of a chemical element is an atom that has a different number of neutrons than the standard for that element.

The whole body of animals and plants is made up of different tissues. The tissue is made up of small building blocks that are the cells. The fundamental organizational unit of life is the cell. The cell is made up of three main parts: cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm. We will also understand the structure of a plant cell and the various organelles and learned about their functions. Lastly, we will also learn about the cells in the human body. Humans have millions of cells, such as red blood cells, cells that make up muscles, and cells that form nerves. Their shapes vary according to the functions they perform.

There are unicellular as well as multicellular organisms. In unicellular organisms, a single cell is capable of performing several functions and in multicellular organisms, there is a division of labor. A group of cells that carries out a specific function is called a tissue. A tissue gives the highest possible efficiency of function in multicellular organisms. Plants have two types of tissues. One is the meristematic tissues and the other is the permanent tissues. The covering or protective tissues in the animal body are epithelial tissues. It also forms a barrier to keep different body systems separate. The main function of the muscular system in animals is movement. Muscle tissue is categorized into three distinct types: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. At last, we will learn about the nervous tissue in animals.

The method of arranging the organisms into different groups on the basis of similar or dissimilar characters is called the Classification of living organisms. Organisms that have similar characteristics are placed together in a group. All plants are included in the kingdom Plantae. Animals like frogs, lions, deer, etc. They are included in the animal kingdom. The birds, reptiles, insects, and human beings are also included in this kingdom. The concept of naming organisms was given by Carolus Linnaeus. Scientific names were standard names that were supposed to help people to identify an organism anywhere in the world.

When an object travels equal distances in equal intervals of time the object is said to have a uniform motion. The velocity versus time graph is a horizontal and straight line. The average velocity is equal to displacement by time. And, the unit of velocity is meters per second. The graph of distance versus time for uniform motion is a slanted straight line that shows an object moving with constant speed. For, Non-uniform motion, velocity vs time graph and distance vs time graph is not a horizontal straight line.

Force is a collision to an object, if unopposed will change the momentum of an object. We will understand the Balanced and Unbalanced forces. The first law of motion stated that objects move at a constant speed when no force acts on them. The second law ​states that the acceleration of an object is dependent upon two variables- the net force acting upon the object, and, the mass of the object. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction, well we will understand this through the third law of motion.

The universal law of gravity was founded by Sir Isaac newton. According to the universal law of gravitation, every object attracts every other object with a force. Earth attracts all objects towards it. This is due to its gravitational force. Whenever objects fall towards the earth under this force alone, we can say that the objects are in free fall. The weight of the object on the moon is equal to nearly one-sixth of its weight on the earth. We will also understand thrust and pressure further in the chapter.

We will understand about Work, unit of work, and sign conventions for work done. Work done on an object is defined as the magnitude of the force multiplied by the distance moved by the object in the direction of the applied force. The unit of work is joule or newton-meter. The capacity of a body to do work is called the energy of the body. The law of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can only be transformed from one form to another or transferred from one object to another. We will also learn about what is Power in this virtual tour.

A sound is a form of energy that produces a sensation of hearing in our ears. Sound is produced by vibrating objects. And this vibrating object produced some waves. Amplitude, Wavelength, Frequency, Time period, Velocity, Pitch are the characteristics of sound waves. When the speed of any object exceeds the speed of sound it is said to be traveling at supersonic speed. Bullets, jet aircraft, etc. often travel at supersonic speeds. When we hear the same sound again and again in a medium it is called Echo. Further, in the virtual tour, we will understand how Ultrasound is used to clean machine parts located in places that are not easily accessible.

Health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not just the absence of a disease’. When there is a disease, either the functioning or the appearance of one or more systems of the body will change for the worse. Diseases are of two types: Infectious diseases and non-Infectious diseases. We will also learn how infectious diseases like AIDS and Malaria are spread. Diseases are spread in many ways. Some are born in our bodies by drinking contaminated water and by eating spoiled food. By intake of antibiotics, such diseases can be cured.

Food provides us with nutrients. Nutrients are substances that provide energy for activity, growth, and all the functions of the body for keeping the immune system healthy. Most of the food we obtain is from agriculture and animal husbandry. Different cropping methods such as Mixed Cropping, Intercropping, and Crop Rotation. Different methods of irrigation are drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation. We can provide nutrients to plants externally in the form of fertilizers and manure. Farmers commonly use pesticides to protect their crops. We will further learn about animal husbandry, cattle farming, poultry farming, culture fishery, and apiculture.