Acids are the substances that give hydrogen ions in aqua solution. And Bases are the substances that give OH minus ions in aqua solution. Acid and bases are dissolved in water solution, acid gives H+ ions whereas base gives OH– ions. The reaction of metallic oxides with acids. When acid in the base is mixed, resulting in water and salt because acid and base neutralize each other. Crystals of salt are actually dry because the water present in them doesn’t behave like water but gives it a crystalline structure.

Metal is a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity. Metals are good conductors of heat. The physical properties of the metal are it is Hard, lustrous, malleable, ductile, sonorous. We will also learn about the chemical properties of metals. We will also learn about the reactivity of metals. . Magnetic separation is the process of separating components of mixtures by using magnets to attract magnetic materials. There are various other methods to prevent corrosion of metal, plain method, electroplating, etc.

Graphite is a crystalline form of the element carbon. The atoms in graphite are attached to each other with specific bonds. There are two main types of bonds. Ionic bond and the Covalent bond. Carbon has four valence electrons. But it can neither lose nor gain electrons to attain octet. We will also learn about the saturated and unsaturated compounds. Carbon has allotropes like(graphite, diamond, and fullerene) and oxygen has allotropes like(diatomic oxygen and triatomic oxygen ). We will learn about a Homologous series and nomenclature of chlorine group, hydroxyl group, aldehyde group, carboxyl group, and unsaturated compounds.

Placing similar groups and species together is known as Classification. Elements with similar properties are placed in one group to understand them easily. Newlands’ classification was good only for lighter elements but, it was not applicable for elements with atomic masses higher than that of calcium. Russian scientist Dmitri Mendeleev gathered, all the vital information pertaining to the behavior and, properties of 63 elements known till that time. He observed similarities in their chemical properties. At last, we will understand the modern periodic table.

The processes which maintain body functions and are necessary for survival such as nutrition, transportation, metabolism, reproduction, respiration, and excretion are called life processes. In the organisms, we can find two types of nutrition. The first is autotrophic nutrition and the second is heterotrophic nutrition. The food we eat is digested in our human body. Digestion is the process of breaking down complex food materials into smaller simpler particles. There are two kinds of respiration – Aerobic and Anaerobic. We will learn about the human respiratory system, the human heart, and its function in the human circulatory system, lymphatic system, excretory system, and functioning of kidneys.

Neurons are the cells that detect information from the environment and pass it to the brain. They also carry messages from the brain to different body parts. So, many neurons and organs get together for this work, it is called the nervous system. We will also understand reflex action. Plants exhibit two types of movements. One is the Growth-dependent movements called the Tropic Movements. And another is the growth independent movement called the Nastic Movements.

Binary Fission is a type of asexual reproduction in which the fully grown parent cell splits into two halves, producing two new daughter cells. Spirogyra is the algae that are the slimy green patches in ponds, or in other stagnant water bodies. They generally reproduce by the process of fragmentation in which they divide themselves into multiple parts. There are two types of regeneration, Morphallaxis, and Epimorphosis. Vegetative propagation is an asexual method of plant reproduction that occurs in its leaves, roots, and stems.

The law of reflection states that the incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to the surface of the mirror all lie in the same plane and the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. We will learn about the making of the convex mirror and concave mirror and also the image formulation by both the mirrors. The Reflecting surface in a spherical mirror has a center, this is known as the center of curvature. The center of curvature in the convex mirror lies behind the mirror, while in a concave mirror, it lies in front of the mirror. Similarly, we will learn about the making process of a concave and convex lens and image formation by both lenses.

The human eye is a conscious sense organ that allows light perception and vision. It acts like a Camera. It enables us to see the wonderful world and the colors around us. We will also study defects of the eye like myopia, hypermetropia, and presbyopia and its correction method. How will Refraction and Dispersion of light when it passes through the transparent prism? Also, we will understand the scientific reason for rainbow formation for primary and secondary rainbow types and also about atmospheric refraction. Further in the chapter, we will discover why the sun and surrounding sky appear red at sunrise and sunset.

Electric current is defined as the rate of flow of negative charges of the conductor. The SI unit of the electric current is ampere (A). And, Work done per unit charge in taking charge from one point to another is known as Potential Difference. The unit of potential difference is volt (V).  We will learn about ohm’s law and the relation between V and I.  Resistance is defined as the property of a conductor to resist the flow of charges passing through it. The resistance of the conductor is numerically given as the ratio of potential difference across its length to the current flowing through it. We will also learn about the value of current when a number of resistors are connected in series and parallel in a circuit and its equivalent resistance.

Any substance that attracts iron and iron-like objects is defined as a magnet. Magnetic field lines are imaginary lines. Magnetic field lines are a visual tool used to represent magnetic fields. They describe the direction of the magnetic force on a north monopole at any given position. We will learn about the rule of Right-hand thumb. According to Fleming’s left-hand rule, the direction of the force on the conductor depends upon the direction of current and the direction of the magnetic field. The principle of the electric motor is based on the fact that a current-carrying conductor produces a magnetic field around it.

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. Energy comes in different forms and one form of energy can be converted to another and energy, in the usable form, is dissipated to the surroundings in less usable forms. In this virtual tour, we will learn about all the Conventional sources of energy are Fossil fuels, thermal power plants, Hydropower plants, and Biomass and wind energy as well as the non-conventional sources of energy are Tidal energy, wave energy and ocean thermal energy, geothermal energy, and nuclear energy.